00:00Phoenix is one of America's and the
00:01world's most peculiar large cities today
00:04if you arrive in the city during the
00:05summer when the temperature is routinely
00:06higher than 100° fenit you'll be
00:09simultaneously struck with a sense of
00:10wonder and confusion as to how and why
00:13so many people have managed to live here
00:14in this objectively hostile environment
00:17and just like a city you settle in Sid
00:19Meer civilization during the late game
00:20in an undesirable area that nobody's
00:22picked yet Phoenix is one of the real
00:24world's most recently settled major
00:26cities only a little more than 80 years
00:28ago now back in 1940 Phoenix was still a
00:31fairly small sleepy town in Arizona with
00:33just a tad more than 65,000 residents it
00:36didn't even rank in the top one 100
00:38largest US cities back then and it
00:40barely even registered as a blip in the
00:42general consciousness of most Americans
00:44let alone the rest of the world the town
00:46had only been initially settled a bit
00:48more than 70 years before 1940 back in
00:501867 which means that the time between
00:52Phoenix being initially settled and
00:54growing into this small town of 65,000
00:56is about the same length of time as from
00:581940 to today but over Phoenix's second
01:01time period of 80 years from 1940 to
01:03today over the span of just a single
01:05lifetime Phoenix evolved from that small
01:08Dusty town in the desert that nobody had
01:10ever heard of into a sprawling Urban
01:12Metropolis home to nearly 5 million
01:15people that ranks as the fifth largest
01:17city in all of America now having
01:19surpassed the city limits population of
01:21Philadelphia in 2020 to clinch its
01:23position in the top five biggest US
01:25cities in terms of City Limits
01:27population in America Phoenix is now
01:30only overshadowed by the likes of
01:31Houston Chicago Los Angeles and New York
01:34and it's still growing at a faster Pace
01:36than any of those other larger cities
01:38Phoenix has since become one of the most
01:40quintessential examples of American
01:41suburban sprawl with seemingly endless
01:44rows of single family homes spilling out
01:46beyond the urban core into the
01:47surrounding flat desert landscape by
01:502007 roughly one acre of desert land
01:52around Phoenix was being developed in a
01:54residential real estate every single
01:56hour and Phoenix is still one of the top
01:5810 fastest growing metropolitan areas in
02:00the country in the 2020s As Americans
02:03from all across the rest of the country
02:04are being pulled to the region for
02:06Arizona's low taxes relatively low cost
02:08of living compared to States like
02:09California Phoenix's booming economy and
02:12plentiful jobs the year- round sunshine
02:14and the Beautiful winners but hardly
02:17anyone back in the early 20th century
02:19back when Phoenix was still just that
02:20small Dusty town could have ever
02:22predicted this meteoric rise over the
02:24span of the eight decades that followed
02:26after 1940 because Phoenix exists within
02:30a geographically unlikely place for such
02:32a massive Urban population to have ever
02:34Arisen in it's in the middle of a valley
02:36within the hot and arid Sonoran Desert
02:38that lacks major nearby Water Resources
02:41the hila River a tributary of the much
02:43larger Colorado River passes through the
02:45area but it's flow is very small at only
02:47about 7 cubic meters per second on
02:49average which is only about a tenth of
02:51the flow of the Rio Grand that runs
02:52through New Mexico and forms the border
02:54between Texas and Mexico the hila river
02:56is more of a stream in comparison so
02:58Humanity had to spend decades AES
02:59inefficiently diverting more and more
03:01water to the area from elsewhere to
03:03continue fueling and sustaining all of
03:05the growth in Phoenix today you'll see a
03:07landscape that's dotted with lush green
03:09golf courses farms and swimming pools
03:11cast against a backdrop of dry deserts
03:13and rocks that surround them it probably
03:15won't come as a surprise to you then
03:17that despite having less than half of
03:18the population of New York City today
03:20the Phoenix metropolitan area consumes
03:22more than twice the amount of water as
03:24New York does and in the age of climate
03:27change Phoenix's future water supply in
03:29habitability are Each Coming
03:31increasingly into open question now this
03:33last summer in 2023 broke the all-time
03:35record in Phoenix's history for the
03:37highest number of days to reach more
03:39than 110° F or 43° C 54 solid days of
03:45them while one of those days broke the
03:47all-time high single day record in the
03:50113° f or 45° C 2023 was Phoenix's
03:55hottest year ever on record after
03:58breaking the previous record that was
03:59only set in 2021 and the previous record
04:02before that that was only set in 2020
04:05and as the temperatures in Phoenix are
04:06increasing the city's precious Water
04:08Supplies are also beginning to decrease
04:11with cuts already being made of both of
04:13Arizona's primary water sources the
04:15Colorado River in the state's own
04:17groundwater while Phoenix announced just
04:19last year that for the first time ever
04:21they'll be freezing certain new
04:22residential building permits over a
04:24concern of the area's diminishing water
04:26supply there is a real fear emerging
04:28that this could be the beginning of the
04:30end of Phoenix's past 80 years worth of
04:32explosive and Limitless Suburban growth
04:34across the desert and that the chickens
04:36are finally coming home to roost and
04:38Phoenix piggy Hill herself probably
04:40summed up the cultural attitude towards
04:42Phoenix best during this episode of King
04:44the hill after stepping outside in the
04:46city during a 111° f day this city
04:50should not exist it is a monument to
04:53man's arrogance the wisdom of having
04:55established a nearly 5 million person
04:57metropolitan area in the middle of the
04:59sonor in desert is being criticized
05:01louder with every passing year and the
05:03next 80 years of Phoenix's history are
05:05shaping up to look very different than
05:07how the past 80 years went and in order
05:09to understand where the city is going if
05:11this is all really the end of Phoenix as
05:13we know it and how Phoenix managed to
05:15get so huge in spite of its desert
05:17environment it became the so-called
05:18Monument to man's arrogance in the first
05:21place it helps to begin with how Phoenix
05:23and Arizona all came to be in the first
05:25place modern Arizona and the valley
05:27where Phoenix would one day arise in was
05:29parsely inhabited by indigenous
05:30Americans for thousands of years before
05:32the arrival of Europeans the pre
05:34Colombian hokom people inhabited the
05:36area in the valley for nearly a thousand
05:38years and were the first to recognize
05:40the area's potential for agriculture
05:41despite its Aid environment they
05:43developed a series of complex canals
05:45around the hila and salt rivers in the
05:46area that made agriculture possible
05:48before mysteriously disappearing
05:50sometime around 1450 it wasn't too long
05:53after that that the first Europeans
05:54began to arrive in the area in the 16th
05:56century and then all of modern day
05:58Arizona and the rest of to the American
06:00southwest steadily fell under the
06:01control of the colonial Spanish Empire
06:03and was later inherited by the
06:04independent state of Mexico in the 19th
06:06century but the modern American
06:08southwest was always a sparsely
06:10populated Fringe territory on the
06:11frontiers of their empire by the 1840s
06:14only about 80,000 people lived across
06:16all of the Mexican territories that
06:18would eventually become Arizona New
06:19Mexico California Nevada Utah and
06:21Colorado and three4 of all of them just
06:24lived in modern day New Mexico in 1846
06:27the United States declared war on Mexico
06:28and conquered all of these lands and
06:31then purchased have been more land in
06:32Southern Arizona New Mexico with a
06:34gadston purchase in 1854 which was the
06:37event that brought all of modern-day
06:38Arizona and New Mexico both under
06:40American control Arizona and New Mexico
06:42were then each born as effectively twin
06:44territories of the United States that
06:47have always ever since made up the
06:48geographic core of the American
06:50southwest region both have very
06:51comparable Geographic sizes and shapes
06:53and both have very similar climates and
06:55topographies and both would be jointly
06:57admitted into the Union as the final
06:59states in the Continental us at about
07:01the same time in 1912 New Mexico in
07:03January of that year in Arizona the
07:05following month in February despite
07:07their similarities however both States
07:09would end up having radically different
07:10demographic Destinies across the 20th
07:12and 21st Centuries with Arizona's
07:14current population in 2024 estimated to
07:17be at about 7.5 million people and New
07:19Mexico is lagging far behind it at only
07:22a bit more than 2.1 million people but
07:24interestingly back at the time in 1912
07:27New Mexico was the one who entered as a
07:28state with the larger population
07:30remember that 34s of the Mexicans who
07:33lived across all of this territory that
07:34would be conquered by the United States
07:36in 1846 all just lived in modern-day New
07:39Mexico which is part of why this
07:41territory in state became called New
07:43Mexico in the first place in 1912 New
07:46Mexico entered the United States with a
07:48population of 338,000 people compared to
07:51Arizona's meager 277,000 people and New
07:55Mexico would continue remaining the more
07:57populous of the two for decades until
07:59after the second world war when Arizona
08:01and Phoenix would each begin their era
08:03of Rapid runaway explosive growth they
08:05would quickly Eclipse New Mexico's
08:07growth in the process but even before
08:10Arizona's rapid population boom began in
08:12the second half of the 20th century the
08:14seeds were already being swn for the
08:16state's current debilitating Water
08:18Crisis in 1862 before Phoenix was even
08:21settled the United States federal
08:23government passed the first of the
08:24Homestead Acts designed to encourage
08:26settlers to begin colonizing and
08:27inhabiting the newly acquired desolate
08:29and empty west of the country the ACT
08:31promised any settler who Moved West 160
08:34Acres of free land if they agreed to
08:36live on the land for a period of at
08:38least 5 years and improve it through
08:40cultivation even more land was offered
08:42up to settlers later at a lower price if
08:44the settlers agreed to begin farming it
08:4710% of all the land in the entire United
08:49States was given away to Western
08:50settlers for free under these acts but
08:53in the aid Southwest of the country in
08:55Southern California and in the Arizona
08:57New Mexico territories where water was
08:58sced years and where irrigation
09:00infrastructure hardly existed the
09:02ability for settlers to actually farm
09:03and cultivate the land provided to them
09:05proved very difficult to try and resolve
09:08this issue in 1902 the United States
09:10federal government then passed the
09:11Reclamation Act which was designed to
09:14fund extensive irrigation projects all
09:16across the American West to supposedly
09:18reclaim the land there for agriculture
09:20and civilization the plan was for the
09:22government to sell land in the west and
09:24then use the proceeds from that land to
09:26fund the irrigation projects that would
09:28better the land and increase the land's
09:30value enabling them to continue selling
09:32the land for ever higher prices and
09:34enabling them to fund more and more
09:35grandiose irrigation projects as time
09:37went on virtually every major river in
09:40the American West was damned under this
09:42act and the largest Western River the
09:44Colorado River was extensively damned
09:46and irrigated with two of the most
09:47notable projects the Hoover Dam and the
09:49Glen Canyon Dam curring America's first
09:51and second largest artificial water
09:53reservoirs Lake me between Arizona and
09:56Nevada and Lake Pal between Arizona and
09:58Utah massive reservoirs in the desert
10:00like these were created and rivers were
10:02diverted artificially bringing abundant
10:04Water Supplies to Western settlers farms
10:06and so with her free or cheap land in a
10:09year round warm climate that enabled a
10:11longer growing season than in the rest
10:12of the country and backed up with
10:14subsidized low federal price guarantees
10:16on their water supply the early farmers
10:18in Arizona and the rest of the Southwest
10:20did what anyone else in their position
10:22would do and simply began growing crops
10:24and raising livestock that required warm
10:26climates and high amounts of water like
10:27citrus cotton nuts and falfa to feed
10:30their growing herds of cattle and dairy
10:32products with little care as to where
10:33the water was actually coming from this
10:35is why still today in the 2020s
10:38agriculture continues to be a booming
10:40business across the American southwest
10:42and why whopping 72% of Arizona's water
10:45consumption in 2024 is still devoted to
10:48the state's agricultural sector but
10:50establishing vast commercial farming
10:52Enterprises across the Southwest deserts
10:54wasn't the only short-sighted decision
10:56that the early planners in the American
10:58southwest made in 1922 the seven states
11:01that share the Colorado River Basin area
11:03came together to negotiate what would
11:05become known as the Colorado River
11:07compact regulating all of their access
11:09to the river's water the Colorado is by
11:12far the largest river that can be found
11:13in the American southwest with a water
11:15discharge rate that's comparable to the
11:17Hudson running through New York and that
11:19has more than nine times the water
11:21discharge rate of the Rio Grand that
11:22begins in New Mexico and flows along the
11:24Mexico Texas border the Colorado River
11:27is fed by the huge amount of snow melt
11:29up in the Rocky Mountains that then flow
11:32Southwest towards the rivers Delta in
11:34the sea of Cortez with the Watershed
11:36extending across Colorado Wyoming Utah
11:38New Mexico Arizona Nevada and Southern
11:40California the 1922 compact between
11:43these seven states estimated that the
11:45average annual flow through the river
11:46was approximately 16.4 million acre feet
11:49of water an acre foot being a unit of
11:51measurement that imagines an acre of
11:53land covered by one foot of water
11:55essentially an American football field
11:57that's covered with one foot of water
11:59the compact then allotted 7.5 million
12:01acre feet of water per year from the
12:02Colorado River to the upper four states
12:05and an equal 7.5 million acre feet of
12:07water per year allotted to the lower
12:09three states divided 58.7% of California
12:1337.3% of Arizona and just 4% to Nevada
12:17while the remaining 1 and A2 million
12:18acre feet of water per year was allotted
12:20to Mexico furthest Downstream with New
12:22Mexico's annual allotment from the
12:24Colorado River in the upper Basin States
12:2711.25% or 0.84 million acre feet of
12:30water a year they were entitled to
12:32significantly less water from the
12:34Colorado River than Arizona was who got
12:3737.3% of the lower Basin State Supply
12:39which came out to 2.8 million acre feet
12:41of water a year more than three times
12:44the amount of water as New Mexico got
12:46from the river and another part of the
12:47reason why Arizona's population took off
12:49way more than New Mexico's everever did
12:51but a major problem with this 1922
12:54compact was that it grossly
12:55overestimated the actual usual flows of
12:57water through the Colorado out a river
12:59their estimate for 16.5 million acre
13:01feet of water a year through the river
13:03was based on only limited studies of the
13:05river between just 1905 in 1922 a period
13:08that many environmental scientists now
13:10believe included abnormally high levels
13:12of precipitation in the area that
13:14abnormally increase the river's flow
13:16higher than usual current estimates of
13:18the river's true average flow with more
13:20than a Century's worth of data suggest
13:22something more like 13.2 million ACR
13:24feet of water a year is the true
13:26historical average which means that for
13:28decades now the seven compact states in
13:30Mexico have been pulling more water out
13:32from the river and its artificial
13:34reservoirs like Lake me and Lake Pal
13:36than can be actually naturally replaced
13:39and this issue of locked in overuse on
13:41the river has so far never been
13:43significantly amended moreover legal
13:45water rights in the western us were
13:47created very differently than in the
13:49eastern US in the wetter eastern US
13:51legal water rights are based around the
13:53reparan doctrine where anybody who owns
13:55land on a body of water like a river
13:57enjoys an equal and reasonable use of
13:59the water in the trior western us where
14:02water is much scarcer and more valuable
14:04however legal water rights are based
14:06around the prior appropriation Doctrine
14:08instead which established a hierarchy of
14:11seniority that granted the rights to use
14:13water from rivers from whoever began
14:15using the water from them first and
14:17those senior water rights holders would
14:19continue holding their rights until they
14:21stopped using the water the settlers and
14:23farmers who came to the Southwest in the
14:25late 19th and early 20th centuries were
14:27the ones who acquired most of these
14:28senior water rights early on and then
14:31they were only incentivized by the
14:32system to continue guzzling all of their
14:34water from the rivers even if they
14:35didn't actually need it because if they
14:37stopped using all the water they were
14:39allowed to they'd just lose their rights
14:41to it and the farmers would continue
14:43holding their senior rights even during
14:45times of water shortages in favor of
14:47anybody who came to the area after them
14:49with lower seniority like the millions
14:52upon millions of people that eventually
14:54came to settle in Southwestern cities
14:55like Phoenix Las Vegas and Tucson the
14:57people who came up with with these laws
14:59in the southwest a century ago of course
15:01were working with imperfect data and
15:03they didn't have the power of foresight
15:05there was no way they could have ever
15:07predicted the rise of huge metropolitan
15:09areas like Phoenix in the future that
15:10would greatly compete with the farmers
15:12in the area for access to water nor
15:14could they have predicted the onset of
15:15significant climate change and its
15:17effects in the later 20th and early 21st
15:19centuries that would reduce the supply
15:21of water in the Colorado River even
15:23further estimates have shown that as the
15:25Region's climate is warmed the snow pack
15:27that feeds the river in the Rocky
15:29Mountains has decreased in size while
15:31evaporation rates within the river have
15:33increased which collectively contributed
15:35to the river's flow decreasing by
15:37approximately 10% just between 2000 and
15:402021 all the while as the states
15:43continue to pull more water from the
15:45river than they probably should have
15:46been based on faulty and outdated
15:48Century old information and all as the
15:51legal prior appropriation Doctrine has
15:53incentivized the inefficient system to
15:55continue and all as millions of people
15:57have migrated to the region to add even
15:59further demands on the already stressed
16:01water supply so by the time that Phoenix
16:04was that small town of 65,000 residents
16:06in 1940 the area was already consuming a
16:09lot of water to feed all the Farms that
16:12had developed in the region and
16:13agriculture had become the desert
16:15State's dominant industry America was
16:17geoengineering green miracles in the
16:20desert and then following the conclusion
16:22of the second world war after 1945
16:24Phoenix's population really began to
16:27start taking off due to multiple
16:28compounding factors that steadily built
16:30on top of one another the invention of
16:32the portable air conditioner the window
16:34unit in 1945 proved to be a
16:37revolutionary development and enabled
16:39air conditioning to become much more
16:41ubiquitous than it had ever been
16:42beforehand this was the key development
16:45that opened up the era of mass migration
16:46and settlement to Arizona and the rest
16:48of the American southwest since cheap
16:51and easy to install air conditioners
16:52made living in the state more tolerable
16:54and comfortable during the
16:55debilitatingly hot months of the summer
16:57cheap air air conditioning enabled land
16:59developers all around Phoenix to finally
17:02start taking advantage of the seemingly
17:03endless sprawling flat land around the
17:06city center in the valley and the water
17:08supplied from the below ground aquifers
17:09and from the Colorado River irrigation
17:11projects provided them with everything
17:13else they needed tens of thousands and
17:15then hundreds of thousands of cheaply
17:17built prefab single family homes were
17:20built radiating all around the endless
17:22flat land surrounding Phoenix and the
17:25low costs of housing combined with
17:26Arizona's low taxes and growing
17:29reputation as a retirement destination
17:31with beautiful winter weather and now
17:33tolerable Summers made possible by air
17:35conditioning and the burgeoning baby
17:37boomer population all led to the Genesis
17:39of Phoenix's population explosion in the
17:431950s but the last year of the decade in
17:451959 Phoenix experienced more new
17:48construction than it did over a three
17:50decade period beforehand between 1914
17:541946 and the City's population grew by
17:59within only 10 years and every single
18:02decade since then the city has continued
18:05seeing double digigit percentage growth
18:07rates with particularly huge surges in
18:09the 1970s and again in the 1990s and as
18:13the urban and Suburban populations of
18:15Phoenix grew its new population base and
18:17growing talent pool began attracting the
18:19interest of major outside companies as a
18:21new location to set up their operations
18:23or even headquarters in Phoenix today is
18:25a major center of the modern high-tech
18:27industry but all of that began with
18:29Motorola's decision to take a chance on
18:31Phoenix all the way back in 1948 when
18:34they built a brand new R&D Center in the
18:37city Motorola was encouraged to do so
18:39because of Arizona's low taxes and
18:41friendly business laws and Phoenix's
18:43proximity to their parallel operations
18:45that had already been established nearby
18:46in Southern California and this
18:48immediately became another huge
18:50advantage that Phoenix and Arizona had
18:53to continued population growth that
18:54their twin New Mexico simply didn't have
18:57their close proximity to the mega region
18:59that became Southern California anchored
19:02by Los Angeles and San Diego Phoenix is
19:04only about a 6-hour drive away from Los
19:06Angeles while the biggest city that ever
19:08developed in New Mexico Albuquerque is
19:10significantly more remote from other
19:12large metropolitan areas Denver is a
19:147-hour drive away from Albuquerque and
19:16Denver is substantially smaller than
19:18Southern California's the closest Mega
19:20region of comparable size to SoCal for
19:22Albuquerque became the Texas triangle
19:24region to its East and it's still about
19:27a 9 to 10hour Drive Away much further
19:30away than SoCal is from Phoenix and so
19:32Phoenix was able to capitalize on its
19:34close Geographic proximity to Southern
19:36California by offering lower taxes lower
19:38regulations and lower prices to lure
19:40businesses jobs and ultimately people
19:43away from Southern California in a way
19:45that Albuquerque and New Mexico were
19:46simply never able to match with Texas or
19:48Colorado nearby to them and after
19:50Motorola's establishment a major
19:52operations in Phoenix several other
19:53companies would begin following suit but
19:55the largest of all of them up until the
19:572020s would ended up being Intel in 1979
20:00when they selected a suburb of Phoenix
20:01called Chandler for the construction of
20:03a huge brand new semiconductor
20:05manufacturing campus over the next 40
20:07years through to 2020 Intel would invest
20:10more than 23 billion do into the
20:12construction of four highly Advanced
20:13semi-conductor foundaries or Fabs within
20:16their Chandler and later okao campuses
20:18just south of Downtown Phoenix and so
20:20Phoenix transformed into Intel's single
20:23largest semiconductor manufacturing site
20:25within the United States today more than
20:2713,000 Intel employees work at their two
20:30Phoenix area campuses and based on 2019
20:33data Intel's estimated annual economic
20:35impact on Arizona was more than $8.6
20:38billion a year but a very notable
20:40problem with semiconductor manufacturing
20:42is that it is an extremely water
20:44intensive process water is used within
20:47semiconductor Fabs to clean nanoscale
20:49Wafers and Machinery of impurities and
20:51to cool down equipment and so an average
20:54Fab today will end up using several
20:56million gallons of heavily processed
20:58assessed Ultra Pure water per day as a
21:00result knowing this and aware of the
21:02water scarcity issues in the southwest
21:04Intel didn't build out their Fabs in
21:06Phoenix without also building out a
21:07large Water Reclamation facility
21:09alongside of them because of this Intel
21:11treats more than 9 million gallons of
21:14water a day at their campuses here which
21:16allows all four of their semiconductor
21:17Fabs to reuse and recycle their own
21:19industrial water supply constantly
21:22without having to pull very much more in
21:24from Phoenix's own water supply Still
21:26Water intensive Industrial practices
21:28like Intel semiconductor Manufacturing
21:30in the region is part of why
21:31approximately 6% of Phoenix's water
21:34supply is currently devoted to
21:35Industrial purposes along with 22% to
21:37municipal use and the overwhelming
21:39majority of 72% of the rest still to
21:42agricultural use with more huge
21:44companies like Intel that moved into the
21:46valley and all of the jobs and linked
21:47jobs that came with them the economy of
21:49Phoenix started booming and the
21:51population growth continued accelerating
21:53into the cheap easy to develop flat land
21:55that surrounded the city's core in every
21:57direction de Decades of explosive
21:59double-digit growth rates for Phoenix
22:00that followed after World War II
22:02contributed to the city soaring through
22:03the ranks of America's largest cities
22:05until eventually in 1980 Something
22:08astonishing happened Phoenix became the
22:10first and so far only City from
22:13America's Mountain West Region to break
22:15into the country's top 10 largest cities
22:18that year the 1980 US Census showed that
22:21Phoenix had accelerated more than a 100
22:23places through America's largest city
22:24rankings and had grown by more than 10
22:27times over in the span of only four
22:29decades to achieve a population of about
22:33790,000 people edging out the city of
22:35Baltimore to take the position of
22:37America's ninth largest city a humbling
22:40moment for the city in Maryland that had
22:41once been America's second largest city
22:43for decades behind only New York itself
22:47but significant water issues developed
22:49for Phoenix that very same year as
22:51hundreds of thousands of new residents
22:53moved into the area they began competing
22:55for the state's limited Water Resources
22:57with the farmers who had secured most of
22:59the state senior water rights and so as
23:01Phoenix's population and economy each
23:03grew from the 1950s to 1980 the city and
23:07the state's water consumption continued
23:08increasing alongside them but
23:11interestingly Arizona's all-time high
23:13water consumption level happened in 1980
23:16and the state has successfully managed
23:18to decrease their water consumption
23:20every single decade since then to the
23:23point where today Arizona consumes less
23:25water than it actually did nearly 7
23:291957 despite the state having more than
23:32six times the population as back then
23:35and more than 22 times the economy this
23:38is largely due to the fact that in 1980
23:40as Phoenix First cracked into the top 10
23:42biggest American cities Arizona started
23:45to get really serious about conserving
23:47their water in the future in order to
23:49guarantee that their growth would
23:50continue in a sustainable a way as
23:52possible the state created the Arizona
23:54Department of Water Resources that same
23:56year to begin clamping down down on
23:58inefficiencies in the state's use of
23:59water in order to discourage Residential
24:01Water use during the hotter summer
24:03months Phoenix begins simply charging
24:05its residents more for water and the
24:07summer which contributed to the number
24:09of homes in the city with water thirsty
24:10Lawns decreasing from nearly 80% of them
24:13in the 1970s toally around 10% of them
24:16today in 2024 the city begins switching
24:19to using treated waste water to water
24:21its golf courses and parks while today
24:23the city is also already building
24:24another plant to treat even more waste
24:27waterer for high quality Municipal
24:28drinking water by no later than 2030 and
24:31interestingly as the endless single
24:33family homes radiated out across the
24:36Phoenix landscape they often transformed
24:38the previously water guzzling farms and
24:40agricultural land in the area into
24:42suburban homes and strip mols which were
24:45considerably less water consuming than
24:47the Farms had been which contributed to
24:49the city saving even more water but
24:52perhaps most importantly the Arizona
24:54Department of Water Resources in Phoenix
24:56immediately in 198 began enforcing the
24:59100-year assured water supply rule
25:01essentially the new rule meant that in
25:03order for developers to go ahead with
25:05new residential real estate development
25:07in Arizona they had to prove to the
25:09state that they could secure a stable
25:11100-year water supply to actually meet
25:13the needs of the new development far
25:15into the future Wells accessing
25:17groundwater and aquifers beneath the
25:19valley that Phoenix sits a top of have
25:21been the primary source of the area's
25:22water supply for decades with
25:24groundwater continuing to represent
25:26about 41% of Arizona 's water supply
25:28with another 36% coming from Arizona's
25:30take of the Colorado River another 18%
25:33from instate Arizona Rivers like the
25:35small hila and salt rivers that cut
25:37across Phoenix while the remaining 5%
25:39comes from reclaimed water and again
25:41it's important to remember that by
25:42sector only 22% of Arizona's water
25:45consumption is currently being allotted
25:47to Municipal and residential use only 6%
25:50is being allotted to Industrial use and
25:52the whopping 72% of it is still being
25:55allotted to agricultural use and here's
25:57where all of the modern problems for
25:59Arizona's water supply start happening
26:01since 2000 the Southwest has been
26:03trapped in a historically significant
26:05Mega drought snow pack in the Rocky
26:07Mountains has been diminishing in volume
26:09as the climate is warmed which means
26:11that less water has been flowing into
26:12the Colorado River from its Headwaters
26:14moreover because of the overestimates of
26:16the 1922 Colorado River compact more
26:19water has been getting withdrawn from
26:20the Colorado River by the states around
26:22it that can be naturally replaced for
26:24decades which has meant that the river
26:26has been getting thinner and thinner to
26:27the point where today its water flows
26:29are a third lower than historical
26:31averages and the river doesn't even
26:33reach its natural Delta at the Sea of
26:35ctez in Mexico anymore because all of
26:38its water is held up in reservoirs
26:40behind dams withdrawn or evaporated
26:42before it can even reach it water levels
26:44in the huge Southwestern reservoirs like
26:46Lake me and Lake Pal have been routinely
26:48hitting record-breaking low volumes
26:50recently drawing concerns that if the
26:52water levels get low enough in them
26:54they'll no longer be capable of spinning
26:55their turbines and producing Hydro
26:57electric power than millions of American
26:59homes and businesses across the
27:01Southwest rely upon moreover the water
27:04levels in the reservoirs could get low
27:05enough that the water won't be able to
27:07reach the intake valves in the dams that
27:09control their flow out further
27:11Downstream which could turn the Colorado
27:13into a stale unmoving River a scenario
27:16that's known as a Deadpool fearful of
27:18this possible Deadpool outcome actually
27:20happening in 2022 the United States
27:22federal government warned that drastic
27:24cuts to the river's water withdrawals
27:26were going to be necessary to Stave off
27:28a catastrophe the states based around
27:30the laws of the Colorado River Compact
27:32and the West Senior water right system
27:34weren't able to come up with a deal
27:35amongst themselves which led the Biden
27:37Administration in early 2023 to do
27:40something that had never before happened
27:42in American history they threatened to
27:44unilaterally impose federally mandated
27:46water cuts on the state's water usage
27:49the Biden Administration considered two
27:51possible options to force upon the
27:53Colorado River basin's lower States
27:55option one was based around the state St
27:57system of senior water rights California
28:00which is the oldest and by far the
28:02largest user of water from the Colorado
28:04River would have been mostly spared from
28:06this option and to compensate
28:08catastrophic water withdrawal Cuts would
28:10have been forced upon the less senior
28:11water users Nevada and Arizona and their
28:14more recent Urban metropolises of Las
28:16Vegas and Phoenix that came to the
28:18region later than California's water
28:20users did under this scenario the
28:22aqueduct that brings water from the
28:23Colorado River to Phoenix and to Tucson
28:25as well would have essentially been
28:27allowed run dry option number two would
28:30have been to override the legal system
28:31of senior water rights in the southwest
28:33entirely and mandate equal water cuts on
28:36California Nevada and Arizona alike by
28:38as much as 133% of all of their
28:40withdrawals beyond what they had already
28:42agreed to cut which would have damaged
28:45the very significant agricultural sector
28:47that's present in Southern California
28:49that produces about 2third of America's
28:51vegetables during the winter when most
28:53of the rest of the country is too cold
28:54for growing anything well option two
28:56would have also IM immediately invited
28:58lawsuits from the state of California
29:00for violating their senior water rights
29:02luckily though the mere threat of those
29:04two possible options was what it took to
29:06finally make Arizona California and
29:08Nevada come together in negotiations and
29:10find some common ground in May of 2023
29:13the three states agreed to voluntarily
29:15conserve at least an additional 3
29:17million acre feet of water for three
29:19more years through the end of 2026 in
29:22exchange for $1.2 billion of money
29:24provided from the federal government
29:26California will make more than half of
29:28those cuts while Arizona has stated that
29:30they used about a third less water from
29:32the Colorado River in 2023 than they
29:34were legally allotted to under the 1922
29:37compact the federal government has
29:39stated that these Cuts should be
29:40sufficient enough to Stave off a water
29:43crisis for the next few years until at
29:45least 2027 but when that year comes
29:47around the states will have to figure
29:49out a more long-term plan for dealing
29:51with the shrinking water in the Colorado
29:53River this issue is threatening
29:54Arizona's second larger source of water
29:57well while at the same time Arizona's
29:59largest source of water groundwater is
30:01coming under increasing Supply strains
30:03at the same time as well in June of 2023
30:06at the same time as the drama was going
30:08on around the Colorado River water the
30:10Arizona Department of Water Resources
30:11released their latest 100-year
30:13groundwater model forecast for the
30:15Phoenix metropolitan area their model
30:17showed that the Phoenix area by then
30:19home to more than 4.7 million people
30:22only had enough remaining groundwater in
30:24their aquaverse to satisfy 96% of the
30:27area's projected groundwater demands
30:29over the coming Century through to the
30:322121 and so in order to meet the
30:34projected 4% deficit in groundwater
30:36supplies over the next Century Maricopa
30:38County where Phoenix and its surrounding
30:40suburbs are located began immediately
30:42freezing their approvals of certain new
30:44residential developments in cities in
30:46the area that had not yet received a
30:48coveted designation from the Arizona
30:50Department of Water Resources a
30:52designation meaning cities whose
30:54residential building plans had already
30:56proven to the state state that they had
30:58access to a 100-year water supply
31:00approved residential developments in
31:02cities that already have these water
31:03designations like Phoenix itself and
31:05wealthier suburbs like Scottdale will
31:07continue on as planned but future
31:10Suburban real estate development out on
31:11the cheaper and lower income fringes of
31:13Phoenix in cities without these water
31:16designations that rely only on
31:17groundwater for their water supplies
31:19will now be rejected in other words
31:22Phoenix's infinite Suburban growth hack
31:24that has continued on unabated since the
31:261950 and that has kept real estate in
31:28the state cheap has finally hit its
31:31first major roadblock Arizona state
31:34representatives are ultimately confident
31:36though that they can weather through the
31:38storm and make up the 4% shortfall in
31:40their groundwater Supply after all
31:42Phoenix has already been steadily
31:43reducing the water they consume ever
31:45since the 1980s even as the population
31:48and economy have continued growing and
31:50there's more strategies they could
31:52always choose to implement to cut down
31:53on the water consumption even further
31:55Beyond freezing Suburban development in
31:57the area's outer fringes like mandating
32:00swimming pools be covered up when not in
32:02use to cut down on evaporation planting
32:04more trees along streets to reduce heat
32:06islands and begin actively discouraging
32:08the remaining 10% of homes in the
32:10Phoenix area with Lawns to abandon them
32:12like Los Vegas has already started doing
32:14in their City Farmers in Arizona and in
32:16California can also be encouraged and
32:18incentivized or if push really comes to
32:21shove forced to begin eliminating or
32:23reducing certain kinds of exceptionally
32:26water thirsty crops they grow with
32:27Colorado River water like Alfalfa which
32:30is used to produce hay for cattle and
32:32livestock but which truly consumes a
32:34huge amount of water relative to other
32:36crops fascinatingly Saudi Arabia used to
32:39grow a huge amount of alfalfa within
32:41their own desert country for decades to
32:44feed their own cattle and dairy herds
32:46but then as Saudi Arabia's own Water
32:48Resources began falling under similar
32:50Supply pressures the kingdom completely
32:52banned the growing of alfalfa within
32:54their country in 2018 and began
32:56acquiring agricultural land in other
32:58countries instead to grow Al Alfa
33:00somewhere else and ship it back one of
33:02these places of course was in Arizona
33:04where the Saudi Kingdom managed to
33:06acquire a least more than 3,000 acres of
33:09land just west of Phoenix where they
33:11grew huge amounts of alala to ship back
33:14to Saudi Arabia and they were even
33:15allowed to pump out unlimited amounts of
33:18the state's groundwater in the area free
33:20of charge to help them out with
33:22irrigation increasingly coming under
33:24pressure to do something about it
33:26Arizona just recently canceled the
33:27Saudis lease to the farm this month in
33:30February of 2024 perhaps becoming a
33:33harbinger of future cuts and
33:34restrictions to alala farming across the
33:36Southwest soon to come and terribly
33:40Phoenix's groundwater and Colorado River
33:42issues that started rearing their heads
33:44in the 2020s all came at just about the
33:47same time as the city began its
33:49transformation into one of America's
33:51most geopolitically significant cities
33:54as well because ever since Intel's huge
33:56operation ations in the city began more
33:58than 40 years ago Phoenix has been
34:00steadily evolving into America's new
34:02capital of semiconductor manufacturing
34:05the global capital of semiconductor
34:07manufacturing currently takes place on
34:09the island of Taiwan where more than 60%
34:11of the entire world supply of
34:13semiconductors are manufactured and
34:15where more than 90% of the world's most
34:17advanced ones are built and all of them
34:19are largely built by just a single Local
34:21Company there the Taiwan semiconductor
34:23manufacturing company or tsmc semic
34:26conductors or computer chips have become
34:28the lifeblood of the global economy in
34:30the 21st century they power just about
34:32every technological device you can think
34:34of from computers and smartphones and
34:36cars to military applications like
34:38guided missiles drones fighter jets and
34:40the emerging realm of artificial
34:42intelligence chip design companies like
34:44Nvidia Apple AMD and Intel largely
34:47design these chips at their headquarters
34:48in the California Bay Area but the
34:50manufacturing processes of building the
34:52chips take place outside of the state
34:54and for decades tsmc and and Taiwan
34:57managed to secure most of their
34:59outsourced manufacturing needs with
35:01Advanced and expensive chip foundaries
35:03or Fabs that they built in campuses all
35:05across their Island that strategy
35:07transformed tsmc into one of the world's
35:10most valuable Mega corporations today
35:12and with a current market cap of $565
35:16billion tsmc ranks as among the top 10
35:19most valuable publicly traded companies
35:21in the entire world but tsmc and their
35:24Priceless chip foundaries exist within
35:26an increasingly dangerous geopolitical
35:28neighborhood the People's Republic of
35:30China just across the sea claims the
35:32island of Taiwan as a core part of China
35:35and has repeatedly threatened the island
35:37with a military Invasion to forcefully
35:40establish their control over it the
35:42risks of a Chinese cross trrain invasion
35:44of Taiwan in the 2020s are continuing to
35:46grow with every passing year and in the
35:48event that it actually does eventually
35:50happen tsmc's Fabs on the island that
35:53produce most of the world's chips could
35:55become destroyed or captured by China
35:58which would be a complete economic and
36:00Military disaster for Western economies
36:03like the United States and Europe that
36:04rely so deeply on these chips to
36:07continue powering their economies and
36:09militaries 2third of tsmc's customer
36:12base for their chip manufacturing is
36:13based in the United States from the
36:15major design companies like apple Nvidia
36:18AMD and broadcom and sensing the
36:20geopolitical risks from China as early
36:22as 2020 tsmc decided to begin
36:25diversifying their Manufacturing
36:26operations by announcing a 12 billion
36:29investment towards building a brand new
36:31semiconductor manufacturing campus in
36:33the Phoenix Arizona area inspired to do
36:36so by Phoenix's low taxes and the city's
36:39prior experience hosting the two Intel
36:41semiconductor manufacturing campuses
36:43that were already present there that
36:45Intel had already invested more than $20
36:47billion into by then and then just a
36:50couple years later in 2022 sensing the
36:52geopolitical risks around Taiwan
36:54themselves the Biden Administration
36:56passed the chips and science act which
36:58allocated nearly $53 billion in federal
37:02subsidies and tax credits for developing
37:04semiconductor manufacturing on American
37:06soil leading up to the passing of this
37:08act Intel announced that they would be
37:10doubling their prior investments in the
37:11Phoenix area with a new2 billion
37:14investment into the construction of two
37:16brand new Advanced semiconductor Fabs at
37:19their ooo campus which when finished
37:21will make the Phoenix area Intel's
37:23largest semiconductor manufacturing site
37:27and then encouraged by the chips sack
37:29subsidies and the prior commitment to A1
37:31billion investment into a Phoenix area
37:33campus they made back in 20120 tsmc then
37:36announced something incredible in 2022
37:39they would more than triple their
37:41investment into the Phoenix area up to a
37:43whopping $40 billion with a construction
37:47of not one but two brand new
37:49state-of-the-art semiconductor
37:51manufacturing campuses they will be
37:53producing advanced 4 nanometer and 3 Nan
37:56met semiconductors the most advanced and
37:58complicated that'll be built anywhere in
38:00the world outside of Taiwan this
38:03unprecedented level of investment into
38:05Phoenix by a foreign company represents
38:07nothing less than the single largest
38:09foreign direct investment in the entire
38:11history of the United States and the
38:13first campus should be up and running by
38:15next year in 2025 while the second
38:18campus should become operational by 2027
38:21or 2028 with a combined investment of
38:23$60 billion into new semi conductor
38:26manufacturing facilities in Phoenix by
38:28tsmc and Intel tens of thousands of
38:32construction workers have descended onto
38:34the build sites and the Phoenix area's
38:36economy has been turbocharged into
38:38overdrive the sites will bring with them
38:40thousands if not tens of thousands of
38:42new high-paying tech jobs to the area
38:45and with the news in 2022 Maricopa
38:47County's GDP where Phoenix is located
38:524.1% up against a 1.9% average growth
38:55rate across the ENT entire United States
38:58during the same time frame and more
38:59Investments are already being piled at
39:01top the giant ones being made by tsmc
39:04and Intel amcore a semiconductor product
39:07packaging and services company that's
39:08already headquartered in the Phoenix
39:10area also announced their own plans to
39:12build out a new $2 billion Factory
39:14that'll package and test tsmc's chips in
39:17the area that are destined for delivery
39:18to Apple Phoenix is therefore evolving
39:21into America's capital of semiconductor
39:23manufacturing for the 21st century in a
39:26similar way to what Detroit became as
39:27the capital of America's Automotive
39:29manufacturing during the 20th century by
39:32the late 2020s when these chip
39:33foundaries are up and operational
39:35Phoenix will also become tsmc's and
39:37America's primary manufacturing backup
39:40center for semiconductors in the event
39:42that China ever initiates a fullscale
39:45invasion of Taiwan which many analysts
39:48predict is most likely to happen in the
39:49later 2020s when these fams in Phoenix
39:52could be coming online right in the nick
39:54of time to prevent a major economic
39:57catastrophe for the United States
39:59moreover with the foundaries online and
40:01operational in Phoenix Washington will
40:04become blessed with a greater degree of
40:05strategic flexibility when it comes to
40:08dealing with the Chinese invasion of
40:09Taiwan right now without the chip
40:11foundaries in Phoenix Washington is
40:13highly incentivized to militarily come
40:15to taiwan's Aid during an invasion
40:17scenario in order to protect their
40:19continued access to taiwan's chip
40:21foundaries but with the chip foundaries
40:23in Phoenix Washington can afford to
40:25choose its response to Taiwan Invasion
40:27more carefully perhaps without direct us
40:30boots and boats and with massive
40:32indirect us arms deliveries instead like
40:35how Washington is already responding to
40:37Russia's invasion of Ukraine Phoenix is
40:40therefore becoming one of America's most
40:41geopolitically significant cities as a
40:44result it is becoming Washington's
40:46greatest hedge against a Chinese
40:47invasion of Taiwan scenario and for that
40:50reason Washington will do whatever it
40:52takes to secure the area's water
40:54resources and stability in the future
40:56nonetheless the dramatic expansion of
40:59tsmc's and Intel's water intensive
41:01semiconductor manufacturing operations
41:02in Phoenix will certainly increase the
41:05share of water consumption in Arizona
41:06that's taken up by the industrial sector
41:08which currently only consumes about 6%
41:11of the state's water all as the
41:12population probably continues to
41:14increase as well and all as reductions
41:16are being made to the state's Water
41:18Supplies from groundwater and from the
41:19Colorado River tsmc has already said
41:22that they'll need to use nearly 9
41:24million gallons of water a day to
41:26operate just a single one of their new
41:28Fabs which is equivalent to about 3% of
41:32Phoenix's entire current Water
41:33Production levels alone tsmc like Intel
41:37has already made preparations for huge
41:39Water Reclamation facilities within
41:41their Phoenix campuses that'll recycle
41:43virtually all of the water that they use
41:45but their plans are still attracting the
41:47ey of critics who are skeptical of the
41:49wisdom of such a hugely costly and water
41:52intensive investment into an area of the
41:55country that is already so stressed by
41:57Water Supplies the new giant
42:00semiconductor plants will directly
42:01compete with the farmers and with the
42:03Municipal Water users for the Region's
42:05diminishing water supplies and to
42:07attempt and plan ahead for that
42:09Arizona's leaders are already exploring
42:11different options for getting even more
42:14water into Phoenix and increasing the
42:16City supplies in addition to all of the
42:19strategies that I've already mentioned
42:20for reducing water consumption in
42:22Phoenix there are also bold and
42:24controversial new plant arising for
42:27increasing the city's water supply as
42:29well and the most contentious plan of
42:31all of them was first proposed to the
42:33Arizona Department of Water Resources by
42:34an Israeli company in 2022 the company
42:38IDE Technologies is a global leader in
42:41water desalination technology they
42:43pioneered the construction of many of
42:45Israel's highest capacity water
42:46desalination plants on their
42:48Mediterranean Coast that transforms
42:50undrinkable ocean saltwater into clean
42:53and safe drinking water in its Aid and
42:56desert environment with few supplies of
42:58natural freshwater desalination Tech
43:00revolutionized life within Israel and
43:03now as of 20122 more than 85% of
43:06Israel's drinkable water supply comes
43:08from these desalination facilities and
43:11IDE technology has already built out a
43:13$1 billion desalination plant on the US
43:16Pacific Coast nearby to San Diego in
43:192015 that's added to San Diego's
43:21Municipal Water Supply ever since and
43:23they're working on similar projects all
43:26and so in 2022 they were coming to water
43:29stressed Arizona and Phoenix with their
43:31boldest new proposal yet their plan
43:34would cost $5 billion to realize only in
43:37its initial phase and would involve the
43:39construction of nothing less than the
43:41largest D salination facility ever in
43:43the world placed within Mexico on the
43:46sea of Cortez the closest nearby body of
43:49oceanic water to Arizona then a nearly
43:52200m long water pipeline would be
43:54constructed from the plant across the
43:56the desert connecting it with both
43:57Phoenix and Tucson the largest urban
43:59areas in the state IDE Technologies
44:02claims that with further pipelines
44:03constructed along this route the company
44:05will eventually be capable of delivering
44:07up to 1 million additional acre feet of
44:10clean drinking water to Arizona on an
44:12annual basis which would significantly
44:15increase Arizona's water supply by
44:17nearly a seventh or by more than
44:2014% which would more than make up for
44:23any of the diminishing supplies coming
44:25from the Colorado River and from the
44:26state's groundwater IDE technology said
44:29that they would fund the entire project
44:31privately if the State of Arizona agreed
44:34on a long-term commitment to buy the
44:36water that they provided but they've
44:38been very vague as to what buying all of
44:40this water would ultimately cost Arizona
44:42they've quoted estimates ranging between
44:44$ 2,200 and $3,300 per acre foot of
44:47water which on the higher end suggest
44:50that they could end up charging Arizona
44:52more than $3 billion a year for their
44:54deliveries of one million acre feet of
44:57annual water which is incredibly
44:59expensive there isn't even a consensus
45:01if Arizona will actually end up needing
45:03all of that extra water anytime soon in
45:05the first place and that's not even to
45:08mention that there's also significant
45:09environmental concern surrounding the
45:11project going forward as well the huge
45:14desalination plant on the sea of Cortez
45:16will pump out massive amounts of salt
45:18taken from the water back into the sea
45:20which will probably damage the maritime
45:23environment in the sea of Cortez even
45:25more than an already has been damaged by
45:27the Colorado River no longer even
45:29reaching its Delta area and moreover
45:32there were further concerns about the
45:34pipeline's route passing through and
45:35potentially disrupting the environment
45:37within the Oregon pipe cactus National
45:39Monument a UNESCO biosphere Reserve
45:42that's the only place in the United
45:44States where the Organ Pipe Cactus grows
45:46naturally that's why instead of building
45:49out the pipeline at all there's been a
45:51further proposal that Arizona could pay
45:53for IDE Technologies to build the
45:54desalination plant in in Mexico on the
45:56sea of Cortez Mexico would gain all of
45:59the desalinated water produced from the
46:01plant for their own uses and then in
46:04exchange Mexico would give up some of
46:06their water rights on the Colorado River
46:08to Arizona which would enable Arizona to
46:11increase their water supply from the
46:13Colorado River without having to
46:14construct a potentially environmentally
46:16damaging pipeline from Mexico but so far
46:18both of these proposals have remained
46:20exactly that proposals Arizona seems
46:23intent for now on adopting measures to
46:25cut down on water consumption rather
46:27than adopting measures aimed at
46:29increasing water supply there are
46:31concerns that if Arizona and Phoenix
46:33built out a pipeline from a desalination
46:35plant on the sea of Cortez they would be
46:38simply shifting their own environmental
46:39burden onto Mexico and kicking the Water
46:42Crisis can further down the road for
46:44future generations of arizonans to have
46:46to deal with instead the pipeline
46:48project would further geoengineer the
46:50sorin desert to allow millions of more
46:53people and their Industries to arise and
46:55th arrive within an area where they
46:57maybe shouldn't it might only contribute
47:00further to Phoenix's perception as one
47:02of the world's greatest monuments to
47:04man's arrogance but as the city and the
47:07state continue to Grapple with their
47:09already existing water supply issues and
47:11as more major companies and the jobs
47:13they attract move into the area with
47:15their increasing water demands the city
47:18may eventually be faced with no other
47:20choice in order to continue their
47:21unprecedented growth rate water is life
47:24and water is grow growth and in the
47:26desert water is the most precious
47:28resource of all in order to survive and
47:30continue growing for the next 80 years
47:32like it did for the past 80 Phoenix will
47:35need to be careful strategic and
47:37balanced with its supplies and
47:38consumption of water mankind will keep
47:41this Metropolis of millions in the
47:42desert going for as long as I can
47:44possibly afford to do so now there are
47:46simply too many deeply entrenched
47:48interests in the region to do otherwise
47:50but there may also eventually come a day
47:52whether it's a hundred years from now or
47:54even longer the that we won't be able to
47:57keep pushing nature out and bringing
48:01in engineering solutions to complicated
48:04problems like Arizona's Water Crisis are
48:06important but they're also really fun
48:08and engaging to think about as tsmc and
48:11Intel invest more than $60 billion into
48:13building out their new world changing
48:15Semiconductor foundaries in Phoenix
48:17their demand for skilled American
48:19workers in this industry has never been
48:21higher they will require an army of
48:23Highly compensated computer scientists
48:25electrical engineers and technicians to
48:27work at their Giga Fabs arising in the
48:30Arizona desert and they fear that they
48:32won't have enough of them in July of
48:34last year the semiconductor industry
48:36Association and Oxford economics
48:38released a joint study that estimated
48:40America would be facing a shortage of
48:43nearly 70,000 skilled semiconductor
48:45industry workers by the end of this
48:47decade in 2030 and if you're interested
48:50in learning more about becoming one of
48:51these future highly in- demand workers
48:54in this industry it would help to begin
48:56learning about Concepts like computer
48:57science and electrical engineering right
48:59now with this video sponsor brilliant
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