Reproductive Cycle of Ferns / The Amazing Lives of Plants

Mitochondria2013-06-10

Life Cycle#Reproductive Cycle#Mosses#Larry Jensen#The Amazing Lives of Plants#Plants#Fern (Plant)#Garden#Biological Life Cycle#Life (Taxonomy Subject)#Flowers#Pteridophytes

156K views|11 years ago

💫 Short Summary

The video explores the reproduction of ferns, detailing the process from spore release to the formation of a new fern plant. It covers the structures involved in spore production, the germination process, and the fertilization of gametangia. The video emphasizes the importance of water in the fertilization of ferns and the role of spores in the spread and evolution of ferns.

✨ Highlights

📊 Transcript

✦

Ferns have been appreciated for their beauty and practical uses since ancient times.

00:00

Ferns have been used in artwork and can provide shelter and food.

They are popular in parks, gardens, and as indoor plants, with around 12,000 fern species worldwide.

✦

The process of fern reproduction involves the production and dispersal of spores.

01:27

Ferns reproduce by producing spores.

Spores are contained within structures called sori, which may be protected by an indusium.

The sorus itself contains sporangium, which produces spores through meiosis.

The spores have a tough protective coat called sporopollenin.

✦

The process of spore release and germination in ferns.

03:38

Spores are released when the sporangium dries out and opens.

When spores land on a moist surface, they germinate and develop into a young fern known as a prothallus.

The prothallus produces structures for sexual reproduction, including antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).

Water is essential for the movement of sperm to the egg for fertilization in ferns.

✦

The fertilized egg in ferns develops into a new plant that matures into another spore-producing fern, completing the reproductive cycle.

06:38

The fertilized egg in ferns develops into a new plant that matures into another spore-producing fern, completing the reproductive cycle.

Ferns' reproductive cycle involves two plants: the spore plant (sporophyte) and the tiny gametophyte.

Ferns use spores to travel great distances and gametophytes to introduce genetic variability.

Ferns have spread and evolved throughout the world due to their unique reproductive cycle.

00:00[Music]

00:32 since the earliest of times ferns have

00:34 been appreciated for their beauty and

00:36 have provided shelter and sometimes

00:39[Music]

00:42 food the birth of their young coiled

00:44 frons is often been used in artwork such

00:47 as the

00:53 coru ferns are popular in our parks and

00:58 Gardens and even brought indoors to

01:00 enhance our living

01:09 spaces there are as many as 12,000

01:12 species of ferns throughout the

01:15 world some are the size of your

01:17 fingernail While others are as tall as a

01:22 tree in the wild ferns are successful at

01:25 reproducing and spreading throughout the

01:27 forest they do this by producing

01:34[Music]

01:42 spores The Familiar Fern is known as a

01:46 sparite if a fern frond is turned

01:49 over small circular areas may be

01:54 seen each of these areas is called

01:58 asaurus

02:00 in some ferns the sorus is

02:05 unprotected in many others it is covered

02:07 by a cap supported by a central

02:10 stalk this protective covering is called

02:13 an

02:15 indusium in some ferns this covering is

02:17 cup

02:20 shaped the sorus itself contains

02:23 numerous sack like structures each of

02:26 these is called a

02:27 sporangium the outer wall of the

02:29 sporangium consists of a layer of

02:31 protective jacket

02:33 cells as the sporangium matures a row of

02:36 jacket cells enlarge to form a band

02:38 known as the

02:41 annulus the outer wall of each annulus

02:44 cell is very thin and

02:56[Music]

02:58 delicate

03:00 on the opposite side of the sporangium

03:02 several delicate lip cells

03:08 form below the jacket there are two

03:11 layers of cells called the tapetum which

03:14 nourish the fertile tissue

03:17 within the fertile tissue consists of

03:20 spocy

03:21[Music]

03:24 cells each sporicide cell is deployed

03:27 containing two sets of chromosomes

03:30 one from each

03:32 parent as each cell matures its nucleus

03:35 divides twice by the process of

03:38 meiosis each daughter nucleus now

03:41 contains one set of

03:44 chromosomes the cyop plasm of the

03:46 sparite undergoes cleavage this results

03:49 in a cluster of four adhering cells

03:51 called a

03:58 tetrad

04:01 the tetum now begins to break down

04:03 depositing a very tough protective coat

04:05 of Spar

04:09 poinin surrounded by this thick

04:11 resistant wall each cell is now called a

04:15[Music]

04:23[Music]

04:28 Spore

04:31[Music]

04:43 the spanda are now ready to

04:48 open opening is accomplished by the

04:51 annulus that encircles the

04:54 sporangium the annulus begins to dry out

04:56 as water evaporates from its surface

05:00 the tension or pull between the

05:02 remaining water molecules and the wall

05:04 now

05:06 increases the thick inner and side walls

05:09 resist

05:11 this but the thin outer walls are easily

05:14 pulled

05:19 inward pulling in the outer walls causes

05:21 the annulus to contract much like an

05:24 accordion shortening the annulus tears

05:26 the lip cells

05:28 apart

05:30 as the annulus continues to shorten the

05:33 tear enlarges and the Spore case opens

05:37 further when too much water is lost the

05:40 water molecules are no longer able to

05:42 hold together when this happens the pull

05:45 on the wall is released and the anul

05:47 Springs forward closing the sporangium

05:49 so fast that the spores are thrown

05:56 out this process is repeated in

05:58 thousands of span on a leaf so that

06:01 large quantities of spores are

06:05[Music]

06:12 released when spores land on a moist

06:14 surface those which germinate first will

06:17 form bisexual or hermaphroditic

06:20 individuals a riseo emerges and attaches

06:23 the sport to the

06:25 soil this is followed by a sheet of

06:27 cells which is the Young metaphy or

06:32 prois a notch forms on the prois that

06:35 contains dividing cells this is called

06:38 the notch

06:40 meristem continued growth results in a

06:42 heart-shaped bisexual

06:47 geophy the lower surface is firmly

06:49 attached to the soil by numerous

06:58 Riso

07:07 male gametangia called antheridia are

07:10 formed at the posterior end of the

07:14 gapy the outer wall of an antheridium

07:17 consists of ring cells and a cap cell

07:20 which surround fertile

07:24[Music]

07:28 tissue

07:34 at the anterior end of the prois close

07:37 to the notch there a female gametangia

07:40 called

07:42 aragonia an aronium consists of a neck

07:45 containing a neck Canal

07:49 cell at the base of the neck there is a

07:51 swollen region called the

07:54 vent that contains an egg

07:58 cell

08:01 gamma tangia of both sexes may be

08:03 present at the same time or at different

08:06 times the timing of their appearance

08:09 will determine if there will be self-

08:11 fertilization or cross

08:15 fertilization in some ferns aragonia

08:18 form first and when flooded with water a

08:22 hormone called antheridiogen is

08:27 released this hormone will stimulate

08:30 adjacent plants to stop growing and form

08:33 antheridia but no

08:37 aragonia a bisexual gapy in a female

08:40 phase May therefore be surrounded by

08:43 several male

08:44 gyes increasing the chances of cross

08:48[Music]

08:58 fertilization being close to the soil

09:01 the small gites are easily flooded when

09:03 it

09:05 rains this water plays an important role

09:07 in

09:10 fertilization water stimulates the cap

09:13 cell on the antheridium to open

09:15 releasing the sperm

09:17 cells the flagellated sperm are now able

09:20 to move within the water in search of an

09:22[Music]

09:28 egg

09:31 sperm consists of a spiral cell body

09:33 bearing numerous flagella that move it

09:40 forward water also stimulates the

09:42 aragonian to

09:44 open the contents of the neck Canal then

09:46 diffuse into the surrounding water where

09:49 they act as a sperm

09:51 attractant the attract and stimulates a

09:54 sperm to swim towards the open

09:58 aronium then swims into the opening and

10:00 moves up the neck Canal towards the egg

10:04[Music]

10:07 cell fertilization is accomplished when

10:09 the egg and sperm nuclei

10:15 fuse this creates a single diploid cell

10:19 the

10:28 zygote

10:32[Music]

10:43 the fertilized egg remains attached to

10:45 the

10:48 gapy inside the aronium on the lower

10:51 surface of the

10:52 gapy the zygote begins to

10:55 divide forming the embryo's sparite

10:58 plant

11:01 the uppermost part of the embryo the

11:03 foot absorbs nutrients from the

11:05 surrounding gamify

11:09 tissue as the embryo grows the Venter

11:12 tissue stretches and eventually

11:16 ruptures a routa grows into the soil for

11:19 support and to absorb

11:22 water other parts of the embryo form the

11:25 first leaf and the future stem the ryome

11:33 the leaf grows through the Notch and the

11:35 gapy to reach the

11:38 sunlight eventually the ryome emerges

11:41 and provides additional leaves and

11:44 roots in this way a new plant is formed

11:49 that matures into another spore

11:50 producing Fern completing the

11:53 reproductive

11:57 cycle

12:00 we have seen that the fern reproductive

12:02 cycle contains two plants the large

12:05 familiar Spore plant or sparite and a

12:08 tiny gamet plant or

12:13 gapy using spores to travel great

12:16 distances and GTS which introduce

12:19 genetic variability ferns have spread

12:22 and evolved throughout the

12:25[Music]

12:27 world

💫 FAQs about This YouTube Video

1. How do ferns reproduce?

Ferns reproduce through spores, which are produced in structures called sori on the underside of fern fronds. These spores can travel great distances and germinate into new ferns.

2. What are the two plants involved in the fern reproductive cycle?

The fern reproductive cycle involves two plants: the spore plant (sporophyte) and the tiny gametophyte. The spore plant produces spores, while the gametophyte produces eggs and sperm for sexual reproduction.

3. Why are ferns considered successful at spreading and evolving?

Ferns are considered successful at spreading and evolving due to their unique reproductive cycle, which allows them to travel great distances through spores and introduce genetic variability through gametophytes.

4. What is the role of spores in the fern reproductive cycle?

Spores play a vital role in the fern reproductive cycle by allowing ferns to disperse and colonize new areas. Spores are produced by the spore plant (sporophyte) and can germinate into new ferns under suitable conditions.

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